Bullying Is A Growing Epidemic - 1345 Words

Bullying is a growing epidemic in today’s society and has become a pressing social and educational concern. It is often dismissed as typical adolescent behavior but ignoring the problem could be detrimental to the bully, the person being bullied, and even those who stand by witnessing the unkind acts but do nothing about it. Bullying can hinder academic, social, and emotional development and because it manifests in different forms, it is important to recognize the signs and address it with all parities immediately. Horton (2011) defines bullying as â€Å"a group’s collective aggressiveness towards an individual or group of individuals who provoke or attract this aggressiveness† (p. 268). According to Brank, Hoetger, and Hazen (2012) there are four main types of bullying: physical, verbal, relational (or social), and cyber bullying. Physical bullying is characterized by acts of aggression such as punching or hitting. Verbal bullying is characterized by name calling or teasing. Deliberately leaving someone out of activities and/or starting rumors characterizes relational or social bullying. Cyber bullying utilizes technology such as texts, email, or social media to express aggression toward others (p. 214). Regardless of the form of bullying, a common thread amongst them is there is a power imbalance between the bully and the person being bullied. Being able to physically or verbally hurt others, being more confident, having superior manipulative or social skills, andShow MoreRelatedThe Law Of The Few1111 Words   |  5 PagesThe Law of the Few Cyber bullying is a rapidly growing issue that directly affects adolescent health, and because 95% of teens use the Internet, and 81% use social media such as Facebook, Twitter, Myspace, and Instagram, they are susceptible to online harassment 24 hours of the day. (Cyber Bullying and Bullying Must Be Studied Within a Broader Peer Victimization Framework). According to the 2013 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 14.8%Read MoreInformative speech outline Essay1391 Words   |  6 Pagesbrain just never really registered but I was highly aware that teen suicide was a growing epidemic. So I decided that I needed to understand why two things such as death and teenagers go hand in hand. D. Preview: In order to share what I have learned about why about 4,600 youths between the ages of 10-24 commit suicide every year I will explain to you three of the main causes for teen suicide. They include Stress, Bullying, and also Depression. (Center for Disease Control: Teen Suicide Statistics, ChartRead MoreEssay about Bullying: A Major Problem in Today’s Schools563 Words   |  3 PagesBullying has been a major problem in today’s schools Bullying is a major problem in today’s society, especially among teens. With teens spending most of their time at school this environment must be as safe as possible. Schools need to be more proactive in addressing the issue of bullying because many students are bullied in many different ways, the effects can be deadly, and students deserve a safe place to learn. At schools kids are getting bullied in many different ways. For example, studentsRead MoreCyberbullying And Its Effect On Children Essay1497 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscuss cyberbullying, what it means, the concern, what is involved, and who is involved. Thirdly, the effects of cyberbullying, why and how has it become a concern, consequences for those involved, how bad the problem is, and will it continue to be a growing concern unless something is done. And lastly, what is being done to address the problem of cyberbullying, what is the government doing about the problem, people and organizations that are or need to be involved, and what else could be done. The internetRead MoreBullying Is Becoming A Silent Epidemic Essay1738 Words   |  7 PagesBullying is becoming a silent epidemic in the United States, not only affecting our children but adults as well. Adults can experience workplace bullying that involves verbal, physical, and mental mistreatment that can come from your manager or a co-worker. Bullying is an ethical problem that we see in our organizations affecting an employee’s morale and productivity. Bullying not only affects operations, but also affects employee’s health, and well-being, therefore, management should be awareRead MoreBullying : A Victim Of Sexual Harassment872 Words   |  4 PagesNo Longer Afraid Throughout the last 30 years, bullying cases of various types (physical and verbal) and situations (cyber and social) are growing rampant; and as a result, we’re now accustomed to hearing daily of the turmoil. A young victim, abused and embarrassed, suffers another attack and a bully walks away with a few days of suspension doled out by a useless disciplinary policy, useless to inhibit it from reoccurring. Whether it’s sexual harassment, self-defense, or defense of another, aRead MoreBullying Interventions That Support Exceptional Education Students914 Words   |  4 Pagesexist in the school system today is bullying. This type of misbehavior can cause the school climate to be unconducive to learning. Bullying can also have a negative effect on not just the regular student, but the exceptional education student as well. Because of the growing epidemic (trend) of bullying, it is a need to further research the effects that bullying has on the special education stud ent. These facts lead to the proposed research topic, â€Å"Bullying Interventions that support exceptionalRead MoreBullying Is Becoming More Spread At An Alarming And Dangerous Rate Essay1193 Words   |  5 Pagesreceiving an education are becoming a host of parasitic bullying, negatively affecting students learning environments. Central Idea: The presence of bullying is growing. It has reached a point that as it is becoming worse in school systems and is affecting students of all ages. This calls for a need of intervention or the establishment of stricter policies towards anti-bullying. Introduction In spite of anyone at any age being a victim of bullying, children and teenagers are the primary targets.ChildrenRead MoreBullying Is Becoming More Spread At An Alarming And Dangerous Rate Essay1152 Words   |  5 Pages Bullying in schools is becoming more spread at an alarming and dangerous rate. Specifically,School systems that are commonly viewed as excellent sources of receiving education are becoming a host of parasitic bullying, negatively affecting students learning environments. The presence of bullying is presented like a disease and is growing. It has reached a point that to prevent it from becoming worse, school systems need to intervene or establish stricter policies towards anti-bullying so thatRead Moreforce have contributed to a dramatic shift in family eating habits. The traditional family dinner900 Words   |  4 Pagesforce have contributed to a dramatic shift in family eating habits. The traditional family dinner has been replaced by microwavable dinners or unhealthy fast foods. Also, the shifting economy has resulted in a growing number of latch-key children. Often these children are responsible for providing snacks and dinner for themselves and their younger siblings. Compounding the problems associated with latch key children, parents’ perceptions of safe neighborhoods also contribute to increases in childhood

Ellen Levine. Lawrence Hill. New York. Free Essays

Ellen Levine. Lawrence Hill. New York. We will write a custom essay sample on Ellen Levine. Lawrence Hill. New York. or any similar topic only for you Order Now Trident Media Group. 2006-2009. October 25, 2012. Lawrence Hill is the son of a black father and a white mother. Hill speaks three different languages English, French, and Spanish. He was born in Ontario in 1957 and has worked all over Canada. Hill’s parents moved to Canada in 1953, the day after in which they were married. Hill’s grandfather and great grandfather both were ministers of an African Church. His mother became a civil rights activist in D. C, when she finished college. Hill was influenced by his mother and his father by them working in the human rights movement. Hill joined a movement like his parents, it wasn’t the same as his parents but it had the same purpose, he is a member of the Black Loyalist Heritage Society. He was a volunteer in West Africa countries Niger, Cameroon, and Mali. Hill started doing most of his writing in the 1990’s. Most of his writing is wrapped around the fact of people losing their rights and their identity. In 2012 Hill was represented with The Medal of Distinction from Huron University Collage, and the Freedom to Read Award from the Writers Union of Canada. In 2005 Hill also won the American Wilbur Award for best national television documentary. Lawrence hills life style ties into my novel by the way he was raised. Coming from a black father and a white mother made life harder for Hill because interracial couples were frowned upon back then. Coming from that Hill has a bit of insight on the lifestyle his mother and father had once they married. In â€Å"The Book of Negroes† a black women and men are taken from their cultural home and sold as slaves. He tells the life of a girl stolen from her family, and she had to see her mother being killed. Everyone in Hill’s family history has had something to do with standing up from equal rights, and in the book not every society member is being treated the same. Whites have a higher society power because all the blacks are coming over seas to be slaves for them. Hill’s parents weren’t slaves but through his family history he has heard the horrible stories of how the slave trade has affected everybody today. That is why Hill’s books have all the same theme to them, representing someone else’s life, exactly how it was, no detail is left out. Slavery In America. AE Television Networks, LLC, 1996-2012. October 25, 2012 Slavery first began when America brought African slaves into North America in 1619. Slaves mainly worked in tobacco and rice. In the 17th and 18th centuries the slaves started to build the economic foundations of the â€Å"new† nation. The slaves were the new source of labor. Instead of people paying for a white servant they went and bought a black slave, these slaves were not paid to work. Slavery spread fast through American colonies. Historians estimated 6-7 million slaves were brought over just in the 18th century. By now slaves weren’t being considered to be a whole person, they were classified as three-fifths of a person. Most slaves lived on large farms or small plantations. Slaves were not allowed to learn to read and write. Owners of slaves took having slaves as a sexual liberty. Slaves who were obedient could (if chosen by their owner) get favors, any rebellious slaves were beat and punished. Anyone who bought a slave didn’t just by one slave; they owned less than 50 each. Between 1774 and 1804 all northern states abolished slavery, but still remained in the south. The U. S congress outlawed African slave trade in 1808, with that done, the slave trade nearly tripped over the next 50 years. By 1860 the slavery population was almost at 4 million, with more than half of them working in cotton fields. Slavery is carried out through the whole novel study by the main character Aminata Diallo who lives in a village called Bayo in West Africa. Aminata has been taken from her homeland and sold as a slave overseas in South Carolina. Many people died from the long trip over the sea. The while the long trip overseas Aminta has been brought to attention by the men who have captured her because she is able to speak different languages. The men use her to their advantage by getting her to translate to the soon to be slaves. Aminata was treated nicely because she had helped them, but other slaves were just chained together and stuck down into the bottom of the ship, where Aminta eventually fines herself. Aminata is sold to an indgo producer, and eventually bought by a family who takes her to New York. Aminata still sees it as she as a slave so she is continuing to try and find a way to escape. Owen Sounds Black History. Ontario. The Department of Public Works. City of Owen Sound. 2004. October 25, 2012. Anyone can make their own definition; to some people freedom is what limits they have and what they can do. In a free society freedom is self-controlled and having self-ownership. To some in less fortunate countries freedom is not being a sold as a slave. Freedom includes the legal right to defend oneself from others who attempt to harm a free person. In Canada us as a citizens are protected under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The charter guarantees citizens certain political rights from the actions of all levels of government. The charter also guarantees the rights to freedom, fundamental freedoms, democratic rights, mobility rights, legal rights, and equality rights. Some Canadians over use the charter as a way to get out of doing something. The charter was passed in 1982. Slavery was abolished in 1834 in Canada, but that year Canada was still part of Britain, so it was abolished there as well. Freedom is included in to The Book of Negroes by the main character Aminata being taken as a slave from her country, and having all of her rights and freedoms taken away from her. Back then people probably didn’t have any idea that they even had rights and that’s why so many people became slaves. Blacks weren’t even being considered people during that time. Aminata was given more rights than other slaves on the ship, she develops advantages that the others did not have. After years of being a slave Aminata finds a little sense of freedom when she is serving the British during the American Revolutionary War. Eventually Aminata gets to return home because she is guaranteed freedom, but on her way home, she sees ships carrying slaves going to America. Aminate never thought she would go back to America, but she did. She returned to present her life to world in hopes of abolishing slave trade. How to cite Ellen Levine. Lawrence Hill. New York., Essay examples

Los angeles

Los angeles-city of quartz Essay Class war and repression are said to have driven the Los Angeles Socialists into the desert. (Pg. 9) Why would anyone want to live in the desert? The once militarized desert, created a place for people to have homes. With the population growing in such large numbers and the land growing scarce they had to begin developing the vacant land. The population needed a place to live. (Pg. 4) Dirt and dollar signs, and advertising homes with lush names appealed to the middle and upper classes. The fact that they could live in the fastest growing metropolis in the advanced industrial world made them excited. The city of Los Angeles was new and still developing. In the meantime, the economic state was changing. The rich got richer, the poor were even more poor and the middle class was cut in half. Everything about the growing city seemed perfect, and I suppose for some it was. However, along with growth and change there comes crime. Several incidents took place in Los Angeles against people of color involving the police. Anglos became a minority in the city and county of Los Angeles during the 1980s. (Pg. 7) The city of Los Angeles was created for the white, urbanized, higher middle and upper classes. I think Davis primary thesis or point in the book is just that. Los Angeles was being developed into a city for the wealthy by the wealthy. He describes all the hardships that the poor and middle classes go through to survive in the city. The middle and lower classes are completely separated from the wealthy society as Los Angeles is built and after it exists. It is amazing how the wealthy can create such a perfect utopia for themselves, especially being the minority and with all the people fighting against them. I guess things worked out for them because they fought so hard for all of the changes and ways they wanted things laid out. The biggest fight for the wealthy was the development of Los Angeles. The Home Owners Association made up of the wealthy also played a huge role in the development of the Los Angeles area. The fact that the Home Owners did not want to be classified with the less expensive part of Los Angeles or the wrong side of town caused an uproar. This began what is known as the slow growth movement. (Pg. 156) The first major ground breaking event for the Home Owners Association was in 1985 when they won in court to stop the building of high-rise development. Then the Home Owners Association had Proposition U, which reduced the development of commercial property. Along with those fights, the Home Owners Association also fought for street signs designating that the wealthy lived there. Without spelling it out certain street signs would suggest the class and how much the houses were worth. The reason for all of this commotion, the Los Angeles home owners love their children, but they love their pro perty values more. (Pg. 154) The home owners did not want to loose any value in their homes. They figured that if mass production of tract homes were built, there goes the value of their home. With cheaper homes in the same neighborhood that would cause lower classes to afford homes in their territory, and they would not let that happen. So, the fight continues. Thus, creating several more propositions and then the Lakewood Plan. The Lakewood Plan gave the suburban communities cut-rate prices on all of the vital services. (Pg. 165) Along with the cheapest rate of sales tax, if the property was to be used for their own use. There were twenty six-new cities formed along the Lakewood lines. This allowed the residents to zone out low-income or renting along with insulating their properties from the burden of the rest of Los Angeles. There was actually a reason for gating themselves in on the nice part of town. The Home Owners Association created this plan to keep the homeless, lower cla ss, and criminals out of their neighborhoods. These neighborhoods also had private police that patrolled the area for anything out of the ordinary. The Lakewood Plan was ideal for some of the residents in Los Angeles. The Plan kept the poor in the inner city. The poor could not escape the inner city. The Lakewood Plan populations now exceed one and a half million in L.A. County. (Pg. 168) The black population of the Lakewood Plan has been kept to a minimal. Only 1 percent of the population in the Lakewood Plan is black compared to Los Angeles County at 10 percent. I guess this proves how the people that fought so hard to be kept away from the minorities won. They have very few that live in their neighborhoods, and very few that can even get to where they live. In a way I see this as segregation. Why not be with people of color. I gather that it is not just blacks and Hispanics they dont want living in their territory, but Asians and probably anyone that is not an Anglo. This form of racism is very sad. We have enough racism everywhere else, without saying who can live where and fighting to keep certain ethnic groups out of your neighborhood, when they are such a large part of the citys survival. .u9a810caf7b54323abc2f6e6936d8d236 , .u9a810caf7b54323abc2f6e6936d8d236 .postImageUrl , .u9a810caf7b54323abc2f6e6936d8d236 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9a810caf7b54323abc2f6e6936d8d236 , .u9a810caf7b54323abc2f6e6936d8d236:hover , .u9a810caf7b54323abc2f6e6936d8d236:visited , .u9a810caf7b54323abc2f6e6936d8d236:active { border:0!important; } .u9a810caf7b54323abc2f6e6936d8d236 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9a810caf7b54323abc2f6e6936d8d236 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9a810caf7b54323abc2f6e6936d8d236:active , .u9a810caf7b54323abc2f6e6936d8d236:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9a810caf7b54323abc2f6e6936d8d236 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9a810caf7b54323abc2f6e6936d8d236 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9a810caf7b54323abc2f6e6936d8d236 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9a810caf7b54323abc2f6e6936d8d236 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9a810caf7b54323abc2f6e6936d8d236:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9a810caf7b54323abc2f6e6936d8d236 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9a810caf7b54323abc2f6e6936d8d236 .u9a810caf7b54323abc2f6e6936d8d236-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9a810caf7b54323abc2f6e6936d8d236:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Effects of the Atomic bomb EssayDowntown in a word simply became too big for local interests to continue to dominate, and recentering came effectively to mean internationalization. I take this to mean that other cultures were running the downtown and inner city of Los Angeles. Over half of the downtowns major properties were foreign-owned. The Anglo population was having to be serviced by the foreign business owners. The nottori-ya seems to be the ones that had all of the power Downtown or in Los Angeles for that matter.The Japanese would donate money to schools, to the Presidential Library, and to the Mayor ‘s campaign. This shows that the Japanese were really tryin g to make the effort to bring Los Angeles together. The city and county of Los Angeles changed to cater to the Japanese. They made the ports more accessible, had lower landing fees at LAX, and gave special rights and to foreign investors Downtown. What I do not understand is how come no one was complaining or trying to keep them out of Los Angeles? I guess maybe because the citys growth financially depends largely on the investments and money put into the city. The elites did not even begin to be troubled by the exportable goods or the differences in language. The Tokyo stock dive in early 1990 is the first time anyone began to question the capital driving the Japanese and their money. This gave the people in Los Angeles a real idea of what could possibly happen if a recession happened in Tokyo. While the Japanese were ruling the business and real estate scene, there was someone or something else ruling the streets. This is Vietnam here. (Pg. 268) The Crips and the Bloods run the south central part of Los Angeles. The gang killings had dropped from 24 to zero in ten years. The gang activity is now said to be a part of the large crack trade. Average gang killings on the east side average one per day. (Pg. 270) An economic force of the gang violence has to do with the money made from crack vs. cocaine. One mayor refers to the gangs as the Viet Cong. I think the use of the reference is not in comparison to the Vietnam war. I see the fact that men are killing each other every day and fighting but the reasons for the War and the reason the gangs are fighting are not justifiable. Some argue that we should not have gotten involved in Vietnam, but I feel that we should let the gangs kill themselves out. They live in their own world in Los Angeles, secluded and stuck in the inner city. I do realize that the gangs stem from youth poverty, but instead of arresting all of the 80, 000 members, why not help t hem out of poverty and clean up their neighbor hood?!Gated communities, bum proof benches, sprinklers that come on in the middle of the night at all different times, a gated library, warnings not to steal shopping carts, and with the police coming at you from every angle, who could live like that? Even if you are poor and live in the ghetto part of town there is no reason you have to be under surveillance. Or at least that is how it sounds. I do agree with the part about cleaning up the city and not wanting bums hanging around all over the city. So, instead of paying to prevent all of these things why not help? I have the same feeling about the Bay Area. In San Francisco we are building a billion-dollar stadium, but we cannot help the poverty people that are going to live by it? Or how about all the homeless in San Francisco? I know not all homeless or poor are the same, but downtown San Francisco is a mess. I just picture downtown Los Angeles. There are places in San Francisco and Oakland I wouldnt walk through and I dont think there should be places like that. I think a lot of the cities have the mentality that if they want to be that way, then let them without taking any of the blame themselves. The cities I feel are largely responsible for the way things work in the city. If there are not enough jobs, find a way to create them. If there are homeless people, clean them up and get them working. I know those sound like easy, simple solutions but they are. Our society turns their head when they see homeless or poor people. It is just how things are. Davis brings up these points in his book. I guess what I realize reading this book is that our society really hasnt progressed in the way of breaking any social class barriers. I do see how we have changed with technology and with the development of systems. I can see why people would think Los Angeles is all that great. I think Los Angeles is a painted picture of what people want it to be. The elite dont look twic e at the problems and go on in their own little world. While the gangs do just the same thing except their problems are their world. I have never really been to Los Angeles, other than Disneyland and to get to San Diego. I suppose I turned my head and looked the other way. I am ashamed to say that but, I didnt want to see all the problems with the gangs. My eyes are really open now. Not that I believe everything I read, but there is definitely some truth to what Davis says. As for Hayward, it will never be like Los Angeles. The Bay Area did not start offlike Los Angeles did, we are already really diverse. I believe there is truth in the discussion we had in class if northerners are different from southerners. I would agree. I dont think we would make San Francisco like Los Angeles, but you never know. Especially when the Anglos become the minority.

The Glass Menagerie Essays (674 words) - English-language Films

The Glass Menagerie The play The Glass Menagerie, by Tennessee Williams, Williams uses many symbols which represent many different things. Many of the symbols used in the play try to symbolize some form of escape or difference between reality and illusion. ? The first symbol, presented in the first scene, is the fire escape. This represents the "bridge" between the illusory world of the Wingfields and the world of reality. This "bridge" seems to be a one way passage. But the direction varies for each character. For Tom, the fire escape is the way out of the world of Amanda and Laura and an entrance into the world of reality. For Laura, the fire escape is a way into her world. A way to escape from reality. Both examples can readily be seen: Tom will stand outside on the fire escape to smoke, showing that he does not like to be inside, to be a part of the illusionary world. Laura, on the other hand, thinks of the fire escape as a way in and not a way out. This can be seen when Amanda sends Laura to go to the store: Laura trips on the fire escape. This also shows that Laura's fears and emotions greatly affect her physical condition, more so than normal people. ? Another symbol presented deals more with Tom than any of the other characters: Tom's habit of going to the movies shows us his longing to leave the apartment and head out into the world of reality. A place where one can find adventure. And Tom, being a poet, can understand the needs of man to long for adventure and romance. But he is kept from entering reality by Amanda, who criticizes him as being a "selfish dreamer." But, Tom has made steps to escape into reality by transferring the payment of a light bill to pay for his dues in the Merchant Seaman's Union. ? Another symbol, which deals with both Amanda and Laura, is Jim O'Connor. To Laura, Jim represents the one thing she fears and does not want to face, reality. Jim is a perfect example of "the common man." A person with no real outstanding quality. In fact, Jim is rather awkward, which can be seen when he dances with Laura. To Amanda, Jim represents the days of her youth, when she went frolicking about picking jonquils and supposedly having "seventeen gentlemen callers on one Sunday afternoon." Although Amanda desires to see Laura settled down with a nice young man, it is hard to tell whether she wanted a gentleman caller to be invited for Laura or for herself. ? One symbol which is rather obvious is Laura's glass menagerie. Her collection of glass represents her own private world. Set apart from reality, a place where she can hide and be safe. The events that happen to Laura's glass affects Laura's emotional state greatly. When Amanda tells Laura to practice typing, Laura instead plays with her glass. When Amanda is heard walking up the fire escape, she quickly hides her collection. She does this to hide her secret world from the others. When Tom leaves to go to the movies in an angered rush, he accidentally breaks some of Laura's glass. The shattered glass represents Laura's understanding of Tom's responsibilities to her. Also, the unicorn, which is important, represents Laura directly. Laura points out to Jim that the unicorn is different, just as she is different. She also points out that the unicorn does not complain of being different, as she does not complain either. And when Jim breaks the horn off the unicorn, Laura points out that now it is like the other horses, just as Laura has shed some of her shyness and become more normal. When she hands the broken unicorn to Jim, this might represent Laura handing over her broken love to Jim, as Jim has revealed that he is engaged to be married. ? As can be seen, there are quite a few symbols in this play. And a number of them have diverse meanings. Most of these symbols have a direct meaning in the author's own life. This is understandable seeing that the play is supposed to be "memory play." It is obvious that this memory play is based on Williams' own memories.

Coursework on Business Law

Coursework on Business Law Coursework on Business Law: UNITED STATES V RADTAKES United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit, 2005 415 E3d 826 The defendants, a man and his son were charged with the offence of conspiracy to defraud the Us and Internal Revenue Society (IRS). The defendants paid employees on an ad hoc basis with check written from the Companies bank account instead of chanelling them through the Companies’ payroll as required by law. Consequently, they withheld no taxes or union benefit payment. Held guilty as charged. Circumstantial evidence should be permitted to prove committing of a crime when there is sufficient evidence presented to the jury with no intentions of defrauding the crime accused. Defendants charged with a conspiracy are not actually the real committers of the fraud. Once one is a suspect of defrauding, one has a chance to present his witnesses and prove ones innocence in front of a jury. The most significant defence to circumstantial evidence is the truth behold behind the evidence being produced. When the evidence has substantial truth and has a witness to support the evidence, the defendant might get a chance to prove on the crime committed. Once the evidence presented is insufficient proving that the defendant acted with intentions to commit the crime is difficult. Another circumstance to be permitted is by having absolute privilege on the crime committed. For instance, evidence adduced by witnesses in court and the defense arguments and counter claims during court proceedings, statements made by judges whilst hearing and determining a matter be for them, and statements made in the course of parliamentary proceedings cannot back up any action for defamation, irrespective of whether or not they were made without considering how true, false or weird they are. In addition, honest opinion is a good defense in action of defamation in many commonwealth jurisdictions. This is to say, if an individual make a defamatory statement whilst expressing a genuine opinion about the injured person while opposing a fact, the alleged statement cannot maintain a claim for liability against the statement made while presenting the evidence. On viewing a statement as an expression of piece of evidence or opinion it can depend upon its background, notwithstanding the fact the defendant creating the statement is considered to be knowledgeable enough to know if a statement made is true or false. For instance if an employer calls you a thief, in the ordinary course of things it may not be regarded as an opinion since a statement cannot be made out of the blues. Some jurisdictions instead of basing so much significance on what is a fact or an opinion in, they have opted to admit that statements which seem to be realistic normally hold circumstantial evidence. The penalty for theft should not vary according to the value of the property taken but should get an equivalent sentence accord to the property theft with an exceptions of white collar crimes. The defendant stands to be convicted of the theft if proven guilty, deprives or withholds information that is crucial in decision making. A defendant can be awarded penalty of the actions one has committed once; one has intent to conduct business secretly to their own benefit or to benefit other parties, either by stealing the organizations resources or using without authorization. A defendant convicted of a certain offense of theft should be charged according to a range set by the crime law section 1209.039 that specifies a variety or ranges that are to be charged to specific crimes (Simmons, 2007). A suspect who has not been involved in previous crimes and found guilty of theft should be charged less than fifty dollars while those convicted of theft felony should be charged an amount exceedin g fifty dollars in any occurrence. White collar crimes are non violent crimes which involves embezzlement of funds, frauds, bribery and insider trading. They pose a great danger to the subject country’s security and also it economy. Once a defendant is found guilty of this crime, the legislature deters to the crime by ensuring every offender, with no exceptions, serves a jail term equivalent to the amount in dollars that he stole. Essentials of a bad check law are determined by the standards set by the statutory provision to determine the validity of the check. A crime committed by means of bad check, an issuer is supposed to have knowledge that a check or money order is not liable for payment if it is post dated or has a notice of refusal. The check law presupposes that the minimum threshold of conduct required of corporations and incorporated associations according to their money orders and payments. This law enforcement on a corporate scale normally includes fines imposed on a corporation. Individual accountability for commercial offense has to be proven in order to take place by the party responsible. For example, a corporation may be expecting payments on selling a product that is defective and instead sell it regardless of its defectiveness. However, if one can prove in a court of law that with evidence that the check is valid and the company president specifically had knowledge or he had all reasonable grounds to believe that the check was forged or defective and yet authorized the sale, one can sue the corporation, but one cannot hold the corporation criminally liable. Given that a corporation cannot be jailed and do jail time, all one can do is to use the evidence to penalize the corporation and fines or court rulings. Halls employees acted unethically since they committed an act of defamation, this can be a good example of a statement that came with it a not so good impression of an individual, company, assembly, product, government, or nation (Simmons, 2007). The statement is prepared as though it were true, when in fact the statement is false. It as slander as it was made with spoken words, sounds, gestures and sign language. Defamation may be in any other form, like in printed pictures or words. To be considered defamation, the indictment has to be false but put in a way that it appears to be true, and to earlier be communicated to people other than the individual being defamed. If one believes you have been a victim of defamation, one can get justice by introducing a civil suit. However, one will have to show that the statement made was phony; prove that the statement did harm to the accused; and prove the statement didn’t undergo adequate investigation to know whether it was true or a lie. Buck acted ethically by hiring an investigator to obtain the information though behind their back. He used different types of defamation to bring them to justice. There are different types of defamation, per se, which means and shows that the defamation is a given and not necessary have to provide proof of harm. Defamation per se is when someone mistakenly says that you have an illness (for example they can say you are suffering from a serious and contagious disease) when someone wrongly claims you are guilty of misconduct sexually, when someone wrongly states that you have committed an offence, or when someone says, you are not in shape to venture into business. In such cases, the possible evidence needed is that the statement was prepared. Thus Buck did the right thing as there was nothing to hide. Public policy granting merchant’s immunity from false imprisonment and detaining innocent persons is has been admitted as a good defence in a number of jurisdictions (Simmons, 2007). If an individual makes an opinion in opposition of existence of a certain fact, the declaration may not sustain a claim for liability against the evidence presented. On viewing a statement as an expression of piece of evidence or opinion it can depend upon its background, irrespective of the fact that the defendant creating the statement is entrusted by the community to be the one to know if the evidence or statements made are true or not. To this extent therefore, public policy is an act that injures someone in some way, and the victim may consider suing the wrongdoer. Legally, they are called general wrongs, as opposed to criminal ones. Interest protected by the tort includes; getting an attorneys to obtain inquiries about defamation activities from those people in disagreement with neighbors or any the community at large, and have ultimately suffered from this lies. The rule most be worried by that type of behavior is defamation of character and a reason of action which is defined to include libel and slander. Generally, tort is telling lies on another person, which exposes a person to take the blame falsely. A slander is an oral defamatory statement which is made intentionally to injure the reputation of someone (Simmons, 2007). Libel, on the other hand is the making of defamatory statements in writing whether in a print or permanent medium, for instance, magazines and newspapers. Essential condition for a tort of defamation include: A counterfeit and offensive statement regarding others; The written statement of another person (this is a person that may be directly or partially affected by the said statement); If the issue involves a lot of people, mistake amounting at least to carelessness of the publisher Harm to the defamed or injured party. In tort law, the statement made is published especially when a third person is involved (Elliot Quinn, 2009). However, it is not mandatory that the statement be in print. Getty and Texaco acted unethically since the injurious statement was directly touched the status of the injured party. Albeit, depending on the laws of the authority it may be sufficient to set up mental anguish. Most authorities are normally so aware that defamation exists, where the claims are alleged to cause harm to the plaintiff. Examples of unethical judging include: Statement referring to a persons specialized character or reputation; Claims that an single person is promiscuous; Allegations that an individual is infected with S T D Allegations that the individual has devoted a crime of moral magnitude While activities for unethical have their inheritance in common law, most influence have enacted statutes which alter common law. This may significantly alter material elements of the cause of an action, margin when a suit is instituted, or vary the defenses to an action for offense. The defendant may be called upon to apologize prior to the applicants search for non-economic remuneration. The state farm acted ethically in the case, their business ethics go further than simple legality. They describe ways in which a business should behave and the manner in which it conducts affairs it is legally obligated to. The firm’s ethics are not the best way of conducting business as they are principles to get upheld and experienced. They describe the spirit of the rule, as opposed to law and order. The most important defense for the organization ethically is to act accordingly to the truth, which is, an unlimited security to a certain action for offense. Another defense to defamation events is right to have something. For example, where a witness stand in court and makes a statement, point of view being ruled in court by the judges, declarations made in the course of parliamentary proceedings or by the bench, are privileged ordinarily, and cannot cling to a claim for denouncement, regardless of how false or offensive they are. A defense predictable in most jurisdictions i s an opinion if the human being makes a statement of belief as contrasting to fact and evidence brought forward, the testimonial may not hold up a cause of action for offense (Elliot Quinn, 2009). Whether viewed as a turn of phrase of fact or opinion a statement can depend upon the context it upholds, that is, whether an individual is making the statement or not, would be viewed by the society as being in a place to know whether it is true or not. Some countries have got rid of the distinction between opinion and fact, and as an alternative hold that any testimonial that suggests a truthful foundation can support reason of action for denouncement. Security afforded by the tort disagreement with society’s awareness in free competition offers a justification comparable to an opinion that is reasonable to comment on stuff of public awareness especially in the society. For example, if a mayor of a given town is caught up in a bribery scandal, by expressing the outlook that one believes the accusation are true and are not likely to sustain a claim for offense. A defendant may also attempt to demonstrate that the indeed the statement made against the applicant were true since he was lowly regarded in that society to mitigate damages resulting from the offensive statements. A defendant who sends out a message without regard to the truthfulness of its content can plead the justification of innocence. For instance, the post office’s accountability is delivering letters which are defamatory, since it is not aware of content of the letter. Unusual defense is that of voilence non fit injury where the plaintiff consented to t he allocation of the statement. As a rule, tort lawsuits in opposition to a next of kin are brought apart from any divorce, termination or other relative’s law case. New York, Alabama, Georgia, and Tennessee, however, it allows or encourages combining the tort case with relations law case; Alabama requires it. An individual can also become a public figure by appealing in actions which produce public relations within a thin area of attention. For example, a lady named Terry kolas was insulted by a television show; Already married with offspring, and wrote correspondence to advertisers in order to try upholding them from stopping their cling up for the show. Ms. Kolas’s actions made her became the center of mockery in a very big way. As these jokes existed in her public outlook, normally making fun Mrs. Kola being formal and critical, they were exempted since she was a limited public figure. While individuals targeted by lies May decide to sue, there are important reasons why activities for offence may not turn out to be what is expected. The public relations resulting from a denouncement lawsuit can generate a larger audience for the counterfeit statements which had been initially made. If a magazine or news show comes up with a story of a lawsuit, false allegations previously not known to many may immediately be made public. As Medias are much more suitable to air proceedings in a lawsuit than covering their eventual resolution, the remaining outcome may be that people heard of the defamatory statements, but under no circumstances learn how the court case resolute. Another emerging issue is that offense cases may be hard to win, and small rewards given alternatively after the case is done. Attorneys taking up this type of cases are not normally openly willing to take a contingent fee, and if suddenly if the fees is added, there may be a guarantee that denouncement action will be successful and can be in excess of the total amount claimed. Another substantial or main worry in most cases is that, no matter if a statement made may be totally false, the plaintiff can luck to come up with substantial evidence to prove defamation. In such cases people look at it in the form that the plaintiff lost by understanding that the alleged statements were true. For such selected cases, a defamation action can be used to bring about or to come up with a reasonable or logic sum of money to claim liability, can possibly face apparently negative publicity that may ultimately lead to falsefully accusing and innocent person, and if it supposedly doesn’t succeed, it may be reasonable to conclude that all what was said might have some composed truth in it. Normally, while many plaintiffs have the capability to succeed in prosecuting defamation actions, the opposite should also be adequately evaluated or considered when reaching an agreement on if or not litigation should be pursued. Defamation is said to be a statement which brings about not a so good character of a government, person, group, company, country or product (Simmons, 2007). The statement is given in a way that it tends to appear totally true, but alternatively it is not true but totally and completely false. Defamation may also be considered to be committed in various ways such as gestures, sounds, spoken words or sign language. Defamation can be in many different ways. This ways may be like in the form of pictures, printed words or libel. In order for a statement qualify to be defamation, the claim at hand has to be made falsefully, but has to be well composed in order to appear true, and the supposed false information to be spread over to different people not involved in exception of those being defamed. If one believes that you are indeed a supposedly victim of defamation, what is right to do in order to get you can get justice is to bring a civil suit. However, the greatest challenge is trying to bring out that the statement made was not true; next is to try and show how much damage that false statement did to you; show how baseless the statement made was and how it lucks evidence as to whether it is true or a lie. There are different types of offenses that are defamation per se, this means that the insult is given and there is no need to make available proof of damage. Defamation per se occurs when an important person claims with no prove that one has a foul disease, like an STD, when someone wrongly claims that one is guilty of sexual criminal behavior, or when someone claims that one is not fit to conduct a business. In such defamation per se cases, the only evidence required is that the declaration was made. When the denouncement is a statement that is made against public figures recognized by masses of people, like government members, performing artists, large corporation’s officers and enough evidence must be present so as to win in a lawsuit (Yeats, 2005). The defamed individual must offer prove that any statement liable was made with actual malice and with taking no notice of the truth, the person who has been defamed must have done so with the objective of doing harm with a reckless pay no attention to for the truth. If you have been the injured party of the offense, the best action to take is talk to a libel and slander attorney who will easily help you recover the damages made during the entire process. Public policy granting merchant’s immunity from false imprisonment and detaining innocent persons is a good defense in virtually all jurisdictions, if an individual makes an opinion opposing truthfulness of a fact, that the declaration may not affect any action carried out on evidence presented. On viewing a statement as an expression of piece of evidence or opinion it can depend upon its background, not regarding the fact that defendant making the statement is normally seen and believed by the community to know how true a statement is. Legally, torts are communal wrongs and not considered as criminal wrongs. Some tort acts like battery, however, they may occur to be both torts and crimes; the criminal may be in a position to face both civil and criminal sentence. Under long-established law, relatives were forbidden from accusing each other in an action for tort. The justification laid down those permitting members of a family to sue each other would lead to family breakdowns. However, today, many states have been acquainted with that if family members commit a tort to someone else; where there are a relative’s relations. Thus, they no longer forbid a wronged member from suing the other. In these states, next of kin may sue one another either during their marriage period or after separation. An injury shows that one is in the mistaken; hence the phrase and the person responsible for tort show one of his/her wrong. Torts may be dedicated to other forces such as trespass, which may be damage to the individual, may include imprisonment; property ownership; or may be dedicated without any force. Torts of this normal olden time are to the absolute or relation constitutional rights of an individual’s, or to personal property in ownership or real property, in possession, reversion or incorporeal, : the damages may either be by misfeasance or nonfeasance. Defamation may be in a very small amount of other forms similar to them, To be considered offense, example, in televisions, the indictment has to be false and has to be impacted some truth in them, to be aired to the nation other than the individual being defamed. If one is seen and believed to have been a victim of offense, one is liable to justice by introducing a communal suit. However, there need to be provision that the statement made was phony; prove that the statement did harm to the accused; and prove that the alleged defamatory statements were made without due regard to their truthfulness or that they would amount to an innuendo. One acted ethically by hiring an investigator to obtain the information though behind their back. He used unusual categories of denouncement to bring them to justice. There are different types of denouncement per which means and exemplify that the defamation is a given and not necessary have to provide proof of harm. It is trite to conclude that even thought in most torts intention or motive is irrelevant, this only applies as a general rule. Thus, as an exception to this general rule, in tort of defamation intention is relevant and that’s why malice has to be established in every claim for defamation.

Malleus Maleficarum, the Medieval Witch Hunter Book

Malleus Maleficarum, the Medieval Witch Hunter Book The Malleus Maleficarum, a Latin book written in 1486 and 1487, is also known as The Hammer of Witches. This is a translation of the title. Authorship of the book is credited to two German Dominican monks, Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Sprenger. The two were also theology professors. Sprengers role in writing the book is now thought by some scholars to have been largely symbolic rather than active. The Malleus Maleficarum was not the only document about witchcraft written in the medieval period, but it was the best-known of the time. Because it came so soon after Gutenbergs printing revolution, it was more widely distributed than previous hand-copied manuals. The Malleus Maleficarum came at a peak point in European witchcraft accusations and executions. It was a foundation for treating witchcraft not as a superstition, but as a dangerous and heretical practice of associating with the Devil - and therefore, a great danger to society and to the church. The Witches Hammer During the 9th through 13th centuries, the church had established and enforced penalties for witchcraft. Originally, these were based on the churchs assertion that witchcraft was a superstition. Thus, belief in witchcraft was not in accord with the churchs theology. This associated witchcraft with heresy. The Roman Inquisition was established in the 13th century to find and punish heretics, seen as undermining the churchs official theology and therefore a threat to the very foundations of the church. At about that same time, secular law became involved in prosecutions for witchcraft. The Inquisition helped to codify both church and secular laws on the subject and began to determine which authority, secular or church, had responsibility for which offenses. Prosecutions for witchcraft, or Maleficarum, were prosecuted primarily under secular laws in Germany and France in the 13th century, and in Italy in the 14th. Papal Support In about 1481, Pope Innocent VIII heard from the two German monks. The communication described cases of witchcraft theyd encountered and complained that church authorities were not sufficiently cooperative with their investigations. Several popes before Innocent VIII, notably John XXII and Eugenius IV, had written or taken action on witches. Those popes were concerned with heresies and other beliefs and activities contrary to church teachings that were thought to undermine those teachings. After Innocent VIII received the communication from the German monks, he issued a papal bull in 1484 that gave full authority to the two inquisitors, threatening with excommunication or other sanctions any who molested or hindered in any manner their work. This bull, called Summus desiderantes affectibus (desiring with supreme ardor) from its opening words, put the pursuit of witches clearly in the neighborhood of pursuing heresy and promoting the Catholic faith. This threw the weight of the whole church behind the witch hunts. It also strongly argued that witchcraft was heresy not because it was a superstition, but because it represented a different kind of heresy. Those practicing witchcraft, the book argued, made agreements with the Devil and cast harmful spells. New Handbook for Witch Hunters Three years after the papal bull was issued, the two inquisitors, Kramer and possibly Sprenger, produced a new handbook for inquisitors on the subject of witches. Their title was Malleus Maleficarum. The word Maleficarum means harmful magic, or witchcraft, and this manual was to be used to hammer out such practices. The Malleus Maleficarum documented beliefs about witches and then enumerated ways to identify witches, convict them of the charge of witchcraft, and execute them for the crime. The book was divided into three sections. The first was to answer skeptics who thought that witchcraft was just a superstition, a view shared by some previous popes. This part of the book attempted to prove that the practice of witchcraft was real and that those practicing witchcraft really did make agreements with the Devil and cause harm to others. Beyond that, the section asserts that not believing in witchcraft is itself heresy. The second section sought to prove that real harm was caused by Maleficarum. The third section was a manual for the procedures to investigate, arrest, and punish witches. Women and Midwives The manual charges that witchcraft was mostly found among women. The manual bases this on  the idea that both good and evil in women tend to be extreme. After providing many stories of womens vanity, tendency toward lying, and weak intellect, the inquisitors also allege that a womans lust is at the basis of all witchcraft, thus making witch accusations also sexual accusations. Midwives are especially singled out as wicked for their supposed ability to prevent conception or terminate a pregnancy by deliberate miscarriage. They also claim midwives tend to eat infants, or, with live births, offer children to devils. The manual asserts that witches make a formal pact with the Devil, and copulate with incubi, a form of devils who have the appearance of life through aerial bodies. It also asserts that witches can possess another persons body. Another assertion is that witches and devils can make male sexual organs disappear. Many of their sources of evidence for the weakness or wickedness of wives are, with unintentional irony, pagan writers like Socrates, Cicero, and Homer. They also drew heavily on writings of Jerome, Augustine, and Thomas of Aquinas. Procedures for Trials and Executions The third part of the book deals with the goal of exterminating witches through trial and execution. The detailed guidance given was designed to separate false accusations from truthful ones, always assuming that witchcraft and harmful magic really existed, rather than being a superstition. It also assumed that such witchcraft did real harm to individuals and undermined the church as a kind of heresy. One concern was about witnesses. Who could be witnesses in a witchcraft case? Among those who could not be witnesses were quarrelsome women, presumably to avoid charges from those known to pick fights with neighbors and family. Should the accused be informed of who had testified against them? The answer was no if there was a danger to the witnesses, but that the identity of witnesses should be known to the prosecuting lawyers and the judges. Was the accused to have an advocate? An advocate could be appointed for the accused, though witness names could be withheld from the advocate. It was the judge, not the accused, who selected the advocate. The advocate was charged with being both truthful and logical. Examinations and Signs Detailed directions were given for examinations. One aspect was a physical examination, looking for any instrument of witchcraft, which included marks on the body. It was assumed most of the accused would be women, for the reasons given in the first section. The women were to be stripped in their cells by other women, and examined for any instrument of witchcraft. Hair was to be shaved from their bodies so that devils marks could be seen more easily. How much hair was shaved varied. These instruments could include both physical objects concealed, and also bodily marks. Beyond such instruments, there were other signs by which, the manual claimed, a witch could be identified. For example, being unable to weep under torture or when before a judge was a sign of being a witch. There were references to the inability to drown or burn a witch who still had any objects of witchcraft concealed or who were under the protection of other witches. Thus, tests were justified to see if a woman could be drowned or burned. If she could be drowned or burned, she might be innocent. If she could not be, she was probably guilty. If she did drown or was successfully burned, while that might be a sign of her innocence, she was not alive to enjoy the exoneration. Confessing Witchcraft Confessions were central to the process of investigating and trying suspected witches, and made a difference in the outcome for the accused. A witch could only be executed by the church authorities if she herself confessed, but she could be questioned and even tortured with the aim of getting a confession. A witch who confessed quickly was said to have been abandoned by the Devil, and those who kept a stubborn silence had the Devils protection. They were said to be more tightly bound to the Devil. Torture was seen as, essentially, an exorcism. It was to be frequent and often, to proceed from gentle to harsh. If the accused witch confessed under torture, however, she must also confess later while not being tortured for the confession to be valid. If the accused continued to deny being a witch, even with torture, the church could not execute her. However, they could turn her over after a year or so to secular authorities - who often had no such limitations. After confessing, if the accused then also renounced all heresy, the church could permit the penitent heretic to avoid a death sentence. Implicating Others The prosecutors had permission to promise an unconfessed witch her life if she provided evidence of other witches. This would produce more cases to investigate. Those she implicated would then be subject to investigation and trial, on the assumption that the evidence against them might have been a lie. But the prosecutor, in giving such a promise of her life, explicitly did not have to tell her the whole truth: that she could not be executed without a confession. The prosecution also did not have to tell her that she could be imprisoned for life on bread and water after implicating others, even if she did not confess - or that secular law, in some locales, could still execute her. Other Advice and Guidance The manual included specific advice to judges on how to protect themselves from the spells of witches, under the obvious assumption that they would worry about becoming targets if they prosecuted witches. Specific language was given to be used by the judges in a trial. To ensure that others cooperated in investigations and prosecutions, penalties and remedies were listed for those who directly or indirectly obstructed an investigation. These penalties for the uncooperative included excommunication. If the lack of cooperation was persistent, those who obstructed an investigation faced condemnation as heretics themselves. If those obstructing the witch hunts did not repent, they could be turned over to secular courts for punishment. After Publication There had been such handbooks before, but none with the scope or with such papal backing as this one. While the supporting papal bull was limited to southern Germany and Switzerland, in 1501 Pope Alexander VI issued a new papal bull. The cum acceperimus authorized an inquisitor in Lombardy to pursue witches, broadening the authority of witch hunters. The manual was used by both Catholics and Protestants. Although widely consulted, it was never given the official imprimatur of the Catholic church. Although publication was aided by Gutenbergs invention of movable type, the manual itself was not in continuous publication. When witchcraft prosecutions increased in some areas, the wider publication of the Malleus Maleficarum followed.

International Trade Theories Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

International Trade Theories - Assignment Example A brief discussion of the classical trade theories will provide a backdrop of the detailed examination of the modern trade theories and how these could be viewed in the present patterns of international trade. Classical theories Mercantilism During the 17th and 18th centuries, the theory of mercantilism was widely practised in international trade. Essentially, mercantilism saw international trade as a zero-sum proposition. French statesman Jean-Baptiste Colbert, who pioneered this theory, believed that the wealth of the world was essentially fixed and that trade was a closed system, so that those nations which exported more and imported less acquires more of the world’s wealth and becomes richer, and vice-versa. While mercantilism is the oldest of the trade theories, this does not mean that it is obsolete. Even today, the effects of mercantilism are evident in policies of trade protectionism, and makes the argument that rather than import from other countries and risk a trade deficit, a country would be economically better off if it were self-sufficient (Peng, 2010, p. 149). Absolute Advantage Advocated in 1776 by British economist Adam Smith, the theory of absolute advantage stated that the force of the free market should best determine the economic activities of a nation and, inclusively, the level of international as well as domestic trade. Smith’s theory of free trade (also called laissez faire) relied on forces of the free market to operate unrestricted, to enable free trade to seek out the most efficient means for value creation. The absolute advantage in the creation of a product or service is that which is attained by the nation that is able to produce that good or service most efficiently. The implication of this theory is that (1) the principle of self-sufficiency is best abandoned because no country could efficiently produce all goods and services; and (2) countries would best specialize in production of good and services where they hav e the advantage. International trade ceases to be a zero-sum case, and becomes a win-win proposition. Comparative advantage In 1817, British economist David Ricardo developed the theory of comparative advantage. The theory saw the ability of countries to efficiently produce goods and services not in absolute terms but in relation to which country they trade with. Comparative advantage is the relative advantage in one economic activity possessed by one nation over other nations. Net gains from trade may be realized when countries specialize in producing goods and services where they have comparative advantage. There is a trade-off, however, known as the opportunity cost, which is the cost incurred by a producer in choosing to give up production of a good or service in favour of concentrating on another (p. 152). The three foregoing theories, while useful in conceptualizing trade relations, make the necessary but unrealistic assumption that trade is static. Through time, factor endowm ents and trade patterns change, necessarily debunking the theory that trade is static. This gave way to the modern trade theories of the mid-twentieth century, also known as the dynamic theories, which aim to account for the change in trade patterns over time. New theories Product life cycle Product life cycle was developed by Raymond Vernon, an American economist, in 1966. Vernon saw the world’s trading nations as consisting of three categories: (1) the lead innovation nation which is usually assumed to be the US, (2) other developed nations, and (3) the developing nations. Aside from distinguishing among the nations, Vernon also classified products according to three life cycles: (1) new, (2) maturing, and (3) standardized. New products commanded a higher price (price premium)

Personal Leadership Development Strategy Research Paper

Personal Leadership Development Strategy - Research Paper Example As a leader, I have developed an integrated value system defined by personal values, social values, family values, and professional values. I have developed personal values such as commitment and devotion, self-awareness, approachability, aggressiveness, courage, reliability, and resilience. Moreover, I hold strong family values that include self-sacrificing love, understanding, responsibility, and respect. These have been the hallmark defining the happiness in my family. It is worth mentioning that I have deep respect and concern for the societal members, and that I support the improvement of the social welfare. Concerning my professional values, I give accord to both people and tasks, communicate effectively, and inspire others. Moreover, I involve others in decision-making, considering their opinion. I appreciate the potential of teamwork and the efficiency associated with teams.After a self-appraisal, I have realized that I exhibit a transactional form of leadership. This I have focused on offering employees a range of incentives as a form of motivation. The words of Nikita Khrushchev that incentives imparted people with the motivation to work have served as a guideline in my current leadership. In the spirit of this kind of this kind of leadership, I have introduced multiple incentive programs that seek to motivate the workers. I have relied on the theories of both positive and negative reinforcement to motivate the employees to register a high level of performance.(Brower & Balch, 2005). Currently, the organization has a salary increment scheme based on one’s performance. Workers who register a high performance receive salary increments in every six months. On the other hand, the individuals registering little effort in their performance and those declining in performance receive a lower salary. An additional incentive system is a health insurance system that exhibits a level of comprehensiveness because it covers most of the employee medical needs . Being one of the incentives, only workers who engage in viable research that

Corporate Social Responsibility and Business Law Essay Example for Free

Corporate Social Responsibility and Business Law Essay Introduction Our assigned topic deals with a phenomenon that has taken the corporate world by storm rather recently, particularly in Pakistan. It entails the dilemma that every corporation faces when they have to make decisions regarding the firm’s profitability and their corporation’s social responsibility. The term corporate social responsibility came into common use in the late 1960s and early 1970s after many multinational corporations formed the term stakeholder, meaning those on whom an organizations activities have an impact. It was used to describe corporate owners beyond shareholders. The field of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has developed exponentially in the last decade. Nevertheless, there remains a lingering debate about the legitimacy and value of corporate reaction to CSR concerns. There are different views of the function of the firm in society and disagreement as to whether wealth maximization should be the sole goal of a corporation. An escalating number of shareholders, analysts, regulators, activists, labor unions, employees, community organizations, and news media are asking companies to be accountable for an ever-changing set of CSR issues. There is rising demand for transparency and growing expectations that corporations measure, report, and continuously improve their social, environmental, and economic performance. According to Business for Social Responsibility (BSR), corporate social responsibility is defined as â€Å"achieving commercial success in ways that honor ethical values and respect people, communities, and the natural environment.† Each company is at variance in how it implements corporate social responsibility, if it does so at all. The differences depend on such factors as any particular company’s size, the particular industry involved, the firm’s business culture, stakeholder demands, and how historically progressive the company is in engaging CSR. Some companies focus on a single area, which is regarded as the most important for them or where they have the highest impact or vulnerability—human rights or the environment, for example—while there are others who endeavor to incorporate CSR in each and every one facet of their operations. For successful execution, it is fundamental that the CSR principles are part of the corporations’ values and strategic planning, and that the management and employees, both are committed to them. Furthermore, it is important that the CSR strategy is aligned with the company’s specific corporate objectives and core competencies. As CSR comes into contact with many of the problems conventionally addressed by government, like human rights and community investing, there is strong censure that societal problems are best solved by freely elected government bodies as the resources of a corporation are poorly matched for addressing those social problems, and therefore, it is argued, they should not be misallocated. According to Friedman (1970), in a free society, â€Å"there is one and only one social responsibility of business—to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits so long as it stays within the rules of the game, which is to say, engages in open and free competition without deception or fraud.† The idea is that the state should address social problems, supported by the argument that an executive, by taking money and resources that would otherwise go to owners, employees, and costumers, and allocating them according to the will of the minority, and will fail to serve the interests of her or his principal. In this way, the executive imposes a tax and spends the proceeds for â€Å"social† purposes, which is insupportable, since she or he has neither the skills nor the jurisdiction to do so. On the other hand, there are many demands by others for corporate adoption of the CSR principles. Although the government is chiefly responsible for addressing those issues, the contribution of private firms can be substantial. There is also the argument of the shifting balance of power. According to the Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), of the 100 largest global economies, as indicated by their respective GDP, 51 of them are US corporations, and only 49 are nation states. So economic supremacy has shifted to the corporations; they, therefore, should have an increasing role in and accountability for addressing social problems. For example, the government sets the regulations and the minimum standards for the workplace, but a company can further improve the work environment and the quality of living of its employees. A firm cannot stay oblivious to the problems of the environment in which it functions. The poverty of a nation state’s citizens, political unrest, and the exhaustion of natural resources can have destructive effects for a corporation. For example, resources that are inputs in the production process and which, at the foundation of the industrial revolution, were plentiful are now scarce, polluted, or diminishing in many regions of the entire planet. As one would expect, this imposes an extra cost to the corporations and may force them to reposition or to cease operations. From one perspective, companies may be poorly equipped to address some of the social or environmental problems, but from another perspective, no matter how poorly equipped, companies may still be best positioned to improve the problems. Undoubtedly, adopting the CSR principles involves costs. These costs might be short term in nature or continuous outflows. They may involve the purchase of new environmentally friendly equipment, the change of management structures, or the implementation of stricter quality controls. Since being socially responsible involves incurring costs, it should generate benefits as well in order to be a sustainable business practice. A corporation could not continue a policy that constantly generates negative cash flows. The shareholders invest their money in a corporation, expecting the highest possible risk adjusted return. Therefore, being socially responsible should have bottom-line benefits in order to be sustainable. Socially responsible corporate performance can be associated with a series of benefits with the final outcome. But in a lot of cases, it seems that the time frame of the costs and benefits can be out of alignment—the costs are in the near future, whereas the benefits are not often realized until long periods of time have lapsed. Nevertheless, many benefits can be identified. Firstly, socially responsible companies have enhanced brand image and reputation. Consumers are often attracted towards brands and companies with good reputations in CSR related issues. Therefore, a corporation’s brand equity is automatically enhanced. A company regarded as socially responsible can also benefit from its reputation within the business community by having increased ability to attract capital and trading partners. However, reputation is hard to quantify and measure; it is even harder to measure how much it increases a company’s value. But since companies have developed methods to measure the benefits of their advertisement campaigns, similar methods can and should be able to be applied in the case of corporate reputation. Socially responsible companies also have less risk of negative rare events. Furthermore, companies that adopt the CSR principles are more transparent and have less risk of bribery and corruption. In addition, they may execute stricter and, thus, more costly quality and environmental controls, but they run less risk of having to bear in mind defective product lines and pay heavy fines for excessive polluting. They also have less risk of negative social events which damage their reputation and cost millions of dollars in information and advertising campaigns. The scandals about child–labor and sweatshops that affect the clothing industry are two fine examples. Thus, socially responsible businesses should have more stable earnings growth and less downside volatility. Since companies that adopt the CSR principles carry less risk, when valuing those companies, a lower discount rate should be used. In the company valuation this lower tail risk should be taken into account. There are also other cases in which doing what is good and responsible converges with doing the best for the particular business. Some CSR initiatives can dramatically reduce operating costs. For example, reducing packaging material or planning the optimum route for delivery trucks not only reduces the environmental impact of a company’s operation, but it also reduces the cost. The process of adopting the CSR principles induces executives to reconsider their business practices and to seek more efficient ways of operating. Companies perceived to have a strong CSR commitment often have an improved ability to attract and to retain employees (Turban Greening 1997), which leads to reduced turnover, recruitment, and training costs. Employees, too, often evaluate their companies CSR performance to determine if their personal values conflict with those of the businesses at which they work. There are many known cases in which employees were asked, under pressure of their supervisors, to overlook written or moral laws in order to achieve higher profits. These practices create a culture of fear in the workplace and harm the employees’ trust, loyalty, and commitment to the company. Companies that improve working conditions and labor practices also experience increased productivity and reduced error rates. Regular controls in the production facilities throughout the world ensure that all the employees work under good conditions and earn living wages. These practices are costly, but the increased productivity of the workers and improved quality of the products generate positive cash flows that cover the associated costs. Thus, firms may actually benefit from socially responsible actions in terms of employee morale and productivity (Moskowitz, 1972). Literature review CSP is a global concept that encompasses those of Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Social Responsiveness. It provides a coherent framework to explore business-society relationships by looking at the social impact of corporations with business criteria of performance measurement, such as quality, efficacy, effectiveness, innovation (Carroll, 1991; Wood, 1991). The challenge for corporate social responsibility (CSR) in developing countries is framed by a vision that was distilled in 2000 into the Millennium Development Goals—‘a world with less poverty, hunger and disease, greater survival prospects for mothers and their infants, better educated children, equal opportunities for women, and a healthier environment’ (UN, 2006: 3). The penetration of the social realm into corporate strategy has gathered momentum in the last years. The movement for CSR has â€Å"won the battle of ideas† (Crook 2005). By now, most well managed companies have adopted th e practices and certifications mandatory in their industries, having gone through what Zadek (2004) calls the â€Å"defensive† and the â€Å"compliance† stages of CSR. Managing the social and environmental footprint of economic activity is generally accepted as part of the cost of doing business. But much remains to be done. If companies are to move their CSR activities from satisfying behavior and take their commitment to society and the environment to the next level, they will need to rethink their current approaches to CSR, tapping into the creativity of every individual. CSE, like all entrepreneurship, is not about managing existing operations or CSR programs; it is about creating disruptive change in the pursuit of new opportunities. It combines the willingness and desire to create joint economic and social value with the entrepreneurial redesign, systems development, and action necessary to carry it out. Accelerated organizational transformation faces a host of obstacles well-documented in the change management literature. Some people argue that media pressures the corporate managers and directors to behave in ways that are â€Å"socially ac ceptable†. Sometimes this coincides with shareholders’ value maximization, others not (Zinagales, 2002). Although there are several contested notions of what CSR should be and how it should work, there is some agreement upon what it broadly entails. A number of concepts and issues are subsumed under the heading of CSR, including human rights, environmental responsibility, diversity management, sustainability, and philanthropy (Amaeshi Adi, 2006), meaning that it is a complex area with an interdisciplinary focus. It is generally agreed that CSR involves corporations voluntarily exceeding their legal duties to take account of social, economic and environmental impacts of their operations. Consideration of the social, economic and political context demonstrates how CSR forms part of a wider strategic direction being taken internationally with regard to market relations and the pursuit of a range of objectives and goals. The context is in part provided by concerns about the numerous examples of irresponsible behavior on the part of corporations, ranging from colluding with oppressive regimes and in the overthrowing of governments (Alston, 2005) to issues relating to working conditions and the impact of unethical marketing practices (Richter, 2001). Such examples have demonstrated the need for the worst excesses of business to be curbed. The globalised economy is understood to raise important issues for businesses and governments due to changes in patterns of production and consumption. In particular it is noted that the manufacturing of goods is highly mobile (Cassell, 2001:263) and that supply chains are often dispersed in various countries, creating difficulties in terms of legislation and regulation. Moreover, economic globalization presents challenges to the ability of states to protect peoples rights (Cassell, 2001). The notion of corporate social responsibility is part of the third way (Gond Matten, 2007), where the role of the state is now to provide steering for the promotion of social development and social justice (Giddens, 2001: 6). There is increased involvement of the private sector in traditionally statutory provision through privatization and public/private partnerships (Meehan, 2003). Economic policies have created a need for markets and business to self-regulate in order to continue to pursue an international free market economy, but also to ensure sustainability of economic, human and other resources, and of the environment. CSR is seen as a solution to these problems of regulation. The private sector is increasingly seen as a key player in the achievement of many national and international strategic objectives for governments, which is also enabled by CSR. Methodology To gather information, we used secondary research as our main source of information. Various academic journals and internet sources were pursued to cater to the important aspects of the given topic. Moreover, since we thoroughly researched this topic, personal opinions were formed and using those and logic, we justified our opinions accordingly. How can business persons act in an ethically and socially responsible manner and at the same time make profits? Suppose clear-cutting is profitable and legal, but is nonetheless regarded as environmentally irresponsible under prevailing social norms. Can management of a timber corporation decline to clear-cut its timberland even though that sacrifices profits? One might be tempted to evade the question by claiming that being environmentally responsible is profitable in the long run, either because it preserves the forest for future harvesting or because it maintains a public goodwill that aids future sales. But suppose, in an incautious moment, management admits that the present value of those future profits from not clear cutting cannot hope to match the large current profits that clear-cutting would produce. Or, more realistically, suppose a takeover bid by a firm known to clear-cut establishes precisely that proposition by offering far more than the stock price that reflects the current stream of profits. Can management reject the profitable takeover bid on the grounds that it will lead to socially undesirable clear-cutting? The answers to these questions will challenge the canonical law and economics account on corporate social responsibility, which goes something like this. Unless modified by statute, traditional fiduciary duties require corporate managers to further the interests of shareholders, and thus require them to maximize corporate profits subject to the obligation to comply with independent legal constraints. Ethics and social responsibility are very important values in business ventures. This is particularly essential in decision making process. Ethical conscience reminds business persons to make trustworthy and profitable business decisions. Likewise, the social responsibility component requires business persons to make entrepreneurial decisions that can enhance benefits and repelling harms to the stakeholders. The canonical law and economics view holds that corporate managers do and should have a duty to profit-maximize because such conduct is socially efficient given that general legal sanctions do or can redress any harm that corporate or non-corporate businesses inflict on others. If certain conduct imposes excessive harm on others or merits taxation, then an independent law should regulate and impose liability or taxes whether or not the actor is a corporation, and if the conduct does not impose any impermissible harm or merit taxation, then the most socially desirable thing for corporations to do is maximize profits. Other stakeholders could either legally protect themselves by contract with the corporation or have their legal protection provided by judicial gap-filling of such contracts. Part of what makes this account canonical is that it helps define the boundaries of the corporate law field. It leaves corporate law scholars free to ignore issues about any effects the corporation may have on the external world as topics best addressed by other legal fields, and to focus on more tractable models about which corporate rules would maximize shareholder value.

Coal Chemistry and Technology Essay example -- Coal Research Paper

1. Coal formation Coal was formed from remains of plants from several hundred millions years ago partially decomposed. These remains were settled in regions where waterlogged or swampy regions prevailed. These conditions avoid complete decomposition making possible the gradual peat formation. Peat is not considered coal actually, but is an essential step to coal formation. This formation process is called "coalification" and it is essentially a progressive change from peat to anthracite passing through different types of coals. This process not only depends on the time, but also on temperature and burial pressure (Speight 1983). Schematic representation of the coalification process (Speight 1983) 2. Coal Classification Coals can be classified by its "rank". The rank of the coal can be defined as the degree of alteration that coal experiments during the coalification. On the one hand there are Lignite and sub-bituminous coals which are Low rank coals. These have a lower content in Carbon, are lighter and have higher moisture levels. On the other hand there is Bituminous coals and Anthracite which are high rank coals. They have a higher content in carbon which means they have more energy content. They have lower moisture levels and a more vitreous appearance (University of Kentucky, 2012). â€Æ' 3. Coal Composition Coal is an organic sediment which can be described in several ways. The most common way is in terms of the elemental composition. J. G. Speight, (1991) suggested that coal can classified on the basis of the general formula: Cn Hm Nx Oy Sz (where n, m, x, y and z are number of atoms of each element) Coal is not a homogeneous material. It is heterogeneous and is contaminated by different types of impurities w... ...rcel Dekker Inc. Classification and Rank of Coal. University of Kentucky. (2012). [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/coalkinds.htm. [Accessed 12 November 13]. Couch G. R, (1991). Advanced coal cleaning technology: IEA Coal Research. (IEACR/44) Vernon J.L, Jones T, (1993) Sulphur and Coal. London: IEA Coal Research (IEACR/57) Ryan, B, Ledda L, (1997). A review of sulphur in coal: with specific reference to the telkwa deposit, North-western british Columbia. Geological Fieldwork, Paper 1998, Pages 1-10 Morrison G. F, (1981). Chemical desulphurisation of coal: IEA Coal Research. (ICTIS/TR15) Blà ¡zquez B.L, Ballester A, Gonzà ¡lez F, Mier J.L, (1991). Desulfuracià ³n de Carbones, la biodesulfuracià ³n como alternativa. Minerà ­a del Carbà ³n. Pages 40-49 Morrison G. F, (1982). Control of sulphur oxides from coal combustion: IEA Coal Research. (ICTIS/TR15)

Understand the Impact of Gender and Culture

An abstract is a brief, comprehensive summary of the contents of a paper (American Psychological Association, 2001) that runs a maximum of 120 words. It should contain a synopsis of the points in the paper, but also be readable and well organized. To use this page of the template, simply delete this paragraph and start typing. The formatting should stay the same. Negative Effects of Reality TVÂ  In today’s society many television Reality Shows have been geared for total entertainment purposes only, unlike many shows of the past that displayed family values, ethics and morals. For instance, Reality Shows are supposed to be based on real life situations and experiences. Reality Shows are built upon showing and exposing human emotions. In this aspect reality television has successfully portrayed an image that many viewers can now relate to. In reality the characters of reality television are somewhat like celebrities. There is no doubt, that reality television provides viewers with such entertainment that does not exemplify family values. In fact, reality television has influenced our society in different ways by showing loud and rambunctious behavior. These types of shows exhibit plenty of profanity, sexual content, violence and drugs. In today’s age, nearly every home has at least one television, it is easy imagine how the idea of what is real and what is fiction can become misinterpreted. The cultivation theory essentially holds that television viewing is a primary factor in cultivating a particular culture’s beliefs about the everyday world (Infante, Rancer, & Womack, 1997). George Gerbner knew that television was becoming an important part of the average citizen’s life and suspected that it was quickly replacing the importance institutions like family, school, and church in the enculturation process (Gerbner & Gross, 1976). In 1973 PBS released the first reality television show: an unintentionally breathtaking series called An American Family. The show promoted a family, the Louds, who volunteered to let PBS film their lives for seven months. During the time the show was aired the Louds, faced marital breakup of the parents, Bill and Pat and the confession of their son Lance’s sexuality. Many American viewers enjoyed viewing this reality show, in spite of the family falling apart. Reference http://www.uky.edu/~drlane/capstone/mass/cultivation.htm

Marketing strategies of Apple Inc Essay

A study on the marketing strategies of Apple Inc (Dissertation)Document 1. †A study on marketing strategy of Apple† December 2012 I †Critical Analysis of using marketing strategies of branding Apple Inc† Maha H 2. †A study on marketing strategy of Apple† December 2012 II Declaration I hereby declare that this dissertation is my own original work and is the result of my own investigations. This dissertation research was conducted to fulfill the requirements of BA (Hons) in Business Administration (Marketing) associated with University of Wales. XYZ December, 2012 3. †A study on marketing strategy of Apple† December 2012 III Acknowledgement I would like to thank a bunch of people who helped me in completion of my dissertation like: My facilitator for guidance and support throughout the dissertation. All respondents and friends for filling in the questionnaires. My family for constant support and motivation. 4. †A study on marketing strategy of Apple† December 2012 IV Abstract , computernicsconsumer electroApple Incorporation is a multinational company that creates and sells The.billionabout US$16363 stores worldwide, with global sales of, insoftware, and personal computers are mainlyiPadand theiPhone,iPodline of computers,Macintoshlikeknown products-company’s well e due to high brand awareness related to these products. Applerecognized as a source of competitive edg ,Final Cut Studio,Aperture,iWork,iLife,iTunes,Mac OS Xalso sells other branded products like, .iOSbrowser andSafari,Logic Studio The main objective of this study is to analyze the importance of using marketing strategies of branding in Apple Inc. The study will help to find out about the related benefits of branding mainly. The details of the study will help us to learn about the consumer’s awareness about the brand and how their loyalty can be increased in order to gain a competitive edge. Also, analyzing the importance of branding can help us to find out about the Apple brand’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, by using SWOT analysis tool and by using STP process, we can know how to segment the market, target the customers and position the products/services. Whereas, by using 4 Ps of marketing mix, we can find out about the branded product, its price, promotion and placement. Therefore, since the competition in the technology industry is increasing, ‘A study on using marketing strategy of branding in Apple’ will help the company in staying at the top of consumer’s mind, to cope up with the changes, to gain competitive edge, to attain goals  set by the company, to make improvements for the future related to products, its pricing strategy, communications used to promote and the placement of the product. Therefore, it will help us to evaluate whether branding will affect Apple Inc’s success rate or not. 5. †A study on marketing strategy of Apple† December 2012   Introduction 1.1 Technology Industry Wiki invest (2012) Technology states, the technology industry provides foundation for activities such as, chip production, information and communication systems, and computer systems. The companies belon ging to this industry serves as developers and manufacturers of the products which increase efficiency and production of cell phones, computers, televisions, and other communication and information systems. It is a huge industry with a high growth potential, but it is sometimes go through volatile cycles, like the semiconductor industry. As chips are getting smaller and globalization is increasing, demand for faster and efficient technology, demand for technological industry in increasing. 1.2 Introduction to Apple Incorporation Apple Incorporation is a multinational company that createst,tha,statesApple store(2012)Wikipedia 363 stores, computer software, and personal computers, selling inconsumer electronicsand sells oncompany was first foundedThe.billion in merchandiseabout US$16ide, with global sales ofworldw and thenRonald Wayne, andSteve Wozniak,Steve Jobsby, CaliforniaCupertinoApril 1, 1976 in he company was named as Apple Computer, Inc before for the first 30Ted on January 3, 1977.incorporat The company’syears. The word â€Å"Computer† was then removed from its name on January 9, 2007. Now the company’s.consumer electronicson personal computers shifted towardswastraditional focus , along with theiriPadand theiPhone,iPodline of computers,Macintoshknown products are the-best suite ofiLifemed ia browser,iTunes,)operating system(Mac OS Xother line of products including, (professionalAperture(suite of productivity software),iWorkmultimedia/creativity software, , aLogic Studioindustry),-(suite of professional audio and filmFinal Cut Studiophotography package), (mobile operating system).iOSweb browser andSafarisuite of music production tools; 1.2.1 Mission statement of Apple Inc According to Apple Inc (2012), †Apple designs Macs, the best personal computers in the world, along with OS X, iLife, iWork, and professional software. Apple leads the digital music revolution with its iPods and iTunes online store. Apple reinvented the mobile phone with its revolutionary iPhone and App Store, and has recently introduced its magical iPad which is  defining the future of mobile media and computing devices.† Another mission statement is:†Apple is committed to bringing the best personal computing experience to students, educators, creative professionals and consumers around the world through its innovative hardware, software and internet offerings.† 8. To find out about the branded product and its related price, promotion and placement and to find out the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats the company may be facing.ï‚ · To find out about the benefits of branding for the company and to find o ut how branding helps to gain a competitive edge by differentiating themselves and how it increases customer loyalty and increases brand awareness. To analyze the importance of using a marketing strategies of branding for Apple Inc and to find out how STP strategies helps Apple’s brand. Toinnovateonaregularbasis. 1.2.4 Major competitors of Apple Inc Samsung, Microsoft, Dell, HP, Blackberry, Nokia 1.3 Motivations of research: As the competition in the technology industry has increased, it has become mandatory to make a study on the importance of using a marketing strategies of branding for Apple, to stay at the top of consumer’s mind, to cope up with the changing environment, to gain competitive edge, to make improvements in future and to attain goals set by the company. 1.4 Research Objectives: Toopenmorestoresevenoninternationallocationsto increase sales and dominate world market. ï‚ · Tokeepcreatingandreleasingcomputersandconsumerelectronics those are user-friendly. ï‚ · To obtain products and services within tight timeframe, at a cost providing the best value to the customers and shareholders. ï‚ ·Ã¢â‚¬ A study on marketing strategy of Apple† December 2012 2 1.2.2 Vision Statement of Apple Inc â€Å"We believe that we are on the face of the earth to make great productsAccording to Apple Inc (2012), and that’s not changing. We are constantly focusing on innovating. We believe in the simple not the t we need to own and control the primary technologies behind the products thatcomplex. We believe tha we make, and participate only in markets where we can make a significant contribution. We believe in hat are truly important andsaying no to thousands of projects, so that we can really focus on the few t pollination of our groups , which allow us to-meaningful to us. We believe in deep collaboration and cross innovate in a way that others cannot. And frankly, we don’t settle for anything less than excellence in honesty to admit when we’re wrong and the courage to-company,  and we have the selfevery group in the change. And I think regardless of who is in what job those values are so embedded in this company that Apple will do extremely well.† 1.2.3 Objectives of Apple Inc As stated on the website Apple Inc (2012) are: 9. †A study on marketing strategy of Apple† December Does branding really contribute in making a difference in Apple Inc’s success? 1.6 Organization of Study: Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Literature Review Chapter 3: Methodology Chapter 4: Research findings, data presentation and data analysis Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendationsï‚ · How will using STP strategies, 4 Ps of marketing mix and SWOT Analysis help to enhance Apple’s brand? ï‚ · Does branding allow Apple Inc to charge premium for its products and yet maintain customer loyalty? ï‚ · Does branding allow Apple’s customer to easily recognize and recall the company and its products? ï‚ · Does branding helps Apple to differentiate its products from its competitors, by gaining competitive edge? ï‚ · Does branding allow Apple Inc to communicate company’s objectives, mission and vision clearl y to their customers? 2012 3 1.5 Research question: 1.5.1 Leading question: What benefits will Apple and its customers benefit from after using branding marketing strategy? 1.5.2 Subsidiary questions: 10. Brand recognition- is when the consumers have good knowledge of brand when they are asked questions related to a specific brand and they are able to differentiate a brand on the basis of having noticed or heard about earlier. E.g. Is I-phone related to Apple or Samsung?ï‚ ·Ã¢â‚¬ A study on marketing strategy of Apple† December 2012 4 CHAPTER 2: Literature Review 2.1 Introduction This section will provide the details about the qualitative data, providing a foundation for all the details to follow. 2.2 What is branding? According to Kotler (1999), branding is a †name, term, sign, symbol or design, or a combination of all these that identifies the goods and services of one seller or group of sellers and to differentiate them from those of competitors.† Branding does not only allow your targ et market to choose your company over the competitor’s, but it helps in getting your prospects to see you as the only company that provides a solution to the consumer’s problems. It provides a company’s with a recognizable and trustworthy badge of originality, an intangible guarantee, i.e. a promise of performance that the product will meet with desired consumers’ expectations. 2.2.1 Apple’s Branding Strategy According to Marketing minds (2012), Apple Inc. uses the Apple brand to  compete across several highly competitive markets, including the personal computer industry with its Macintosh line of computers/laptops and related software, the consumer electronics industry with products such as the iPod, digital music distribution through iTunes Music Store, the smart phone market with the Apple iPhone, magazine, book, games and applications publishing via the AppsStore for iPhone and the iPad tablet computing device, and movie and TV content distribution with Apple TV. The company is also establishing a very strong marketing presence relative to the rival (Google) in the advertising market, via its business Apps and iAd network. Steve Job s, the co-Founder of Apple, described the company as being a â€Å"mobile devices company†, largest in the world as their revenues are bigger than Nokia, Samsung, or Sony’s mobile devices business. 2 .2.2 Brand Awareness It is when the consumers are familiar about the life or availability of the product. It is the degree to which consumers associate your brand with a specific product/service. As indicated by Management study guide (2012) in their article † What is brand awareness?†, Brand awareness may include of: 11. It strengthens user loyalty Apple has a branding strategy that focuses on the emotions. Apple brand’s personality is about lifestyle, imagination, liberty regained, innovation, passion, hopes, dreams and aspirations, and power-to-the-people through technology. The Apple brand personality is also about simplicity, making life easier for people as they have people-driven product design, and is a humanistic company with a heartfelt connection with its customers. 2.2.4 Apple’s Brand equity According to Investopedia, it is the premium value that the company realizes from a product with a recognizable name as compared to its generic equivalent fi rm. Companies can create brand equity for their products by making them memorable, easily recognizable and superior in quality and reliability. Also, mass marketing campaigns may help to create brand equity. Brand equity is said to be positive if the consumers are willing to pay more for a branded product than for a generic one. Brand awareness plays a key role in building brand equity. Create reliable brand image, slogans and taglines, helps to strengthen brand awareness which therefore improves brand equity. Marketing minds (2012) also states, Since Apple has strong brand awareness, it has high sales and high market share, and the consumers are well acquainted and familiar with the brand and its products. They are also  willing to pay premium price for their products, relative to the competitor’s brand due to Apple’s positive brand equity. Apple is not just intimate with their consumers but there is a real sense of community among users of its main product lines. Therefore, this also helps to create consumer’s brand loyalty (where brand loyalty is when the consumers become committed to your brand, ch oosing it over competitors and making repeat purchases over time.)ï‚ · It motivates the buyer ï‚ · It connects your target prospects emotionally ï‚ · It confirms your company’s credibility ï‚ · Helps to deliver the message clearly ï‚ · Brand recall- It allows a customer to recover a brand from his memory when given the product class/category, needs satisfied by that category or buying scenario as a signal, i.e. if they are able to recall the brand from their memory. E.g. Showing a logo of Apple’s brand, and asking which brand does this logo belongs to. 2.2.3 Apple’s brand personality As stated by About.com (2012), †What is branding and how important is it to your marketing strategy?†, a good brand helps a company to achieve these objectives: ï‚ ·Ã¢â‚¬ A study on marketing strategy of Apple† December 2012 5 12. †A study on marketing strategy of Apple† December 2012 6 2.3 Benefits of branding a company (Apple) 2.3.1 Emotional Appeal – As stated by Clarity marketing LTD (2005), emotional appeal helps a great deal in targeting customer’s emotions with product names. A strong, recognizable brand will acts like a ‘short cut’ in decision making process, as the customers don’t dither over alternatives or compare options where there is no clear point of difference, and instantly chooses your brand as they know what it stands for. For instance, as Apple manufactures technological items, the name of each product clearly reflects technological aspects like iPod touch, which indicates that it is a product that allows you to play and choose music through touch properties. It therefore, helps in creating an integrated appeal to specific emotions promoting the product recognition and sales. 2.3.2 Memorability and Familiarity – According to Marcia Yudkin (2012), brand helps to create a reputation and good will for a company. It is very hard for customers to refer to a company as â€Å"that whatsitsname store† or to refer business as â€Å"the shop from the Yellow Pages.† In addition to the company name, it gives people to give constant reminders reinforcing the identity of companies they will want to buy from. Memorability can come from the logo, its design, color, style etc which  helps to nail your company’s name in the minds of the public. Similarly, after your brand is nailed in the minds of your customers, that’s when your customers have become familiar and aware of your company’s existence in the market. Branding allows having huge effects on non-customers too. Psychologists’ studies have proved that familiarity develops liking for it. Also, the customers who have never bought from your company, may many tomes be willing to recommend your company to others even without having any personal knowledge of your products or services. Therefore, the half bitten Apple logo and the brand name ‘Apple’ help a great deal to help customers remember, be familiar and recommend the brand to others. 2.3.3 Premium image and Premium price – Branding allows a company to differentiate themselves from competitors existing in the market, because of which instead of dealing with price-shoppers the customers become eager to pay a higher price for your company’s goods and services. A strong brand let the customers associate themselves as being a company that offers premium quality, trendy products and is offering unique products that other companies are not offering. 2.3.4 Extensions – When your company’s brand is well-established, you can spread the respect you’ve earned to a related new product, service or location and win acceptance easily of the newcomer. For instance, when Apple introduced a new product extension line of Ipad, the customers trusted the brand so they didn’t feel reluctant and bought Ipads anyway, making these tablets quite popular of its kind in the market. 2.3.5 Loyalty – When customers have a positive experience with your company’s brand, they are more likely to buy your products and services again in future rather than the competitors. Customers that are closely bonded with your brand’s identity may not only repurchase what they bought earlier, but may also buy related items of the same brand, and recommend your brand to others and resist the lure of a competitor’s price cut. The brand identity helps to create and anchor such loyalty.